Method for creating and using affective information in a digital imaging system

ABSTRACT

An image file for storing a still digital image and metadata related to the still digital image, the image file including digital image data representing the still digital image, and metadata that categorizes the still digital image as an important digital image, wherein the categorization uses a range of levels and the range of levels includes at least three different integer values.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No.13/227,287, filed Sep. 9, 2011 entitled “Method For Creating And UsingAffective Information In A Digital Imaging System” by Tomasz A.Matraszek et al. which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser.No. 12/541,224, filed Aug. 14, 2009 entitled “Method for Creating andUsing Affective Information in a Digital Imaging System” by Tomasz A.Matraszek et al. which is a divisional of U.S. Ser. No. 11/456,620 filedJul. 11, 2006, entitled “Method for Creating and Using AffectiveInformation in a Digital Imaging System” by Tomasz A. Matraszek et al.which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/036,113,filed Dec. 26, 2001 entitled “Method for Creating and Using AffectiveInformation in a Digital Imaging System” by Tomasz A. Matraszek et al.each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to systems that retrieve digital imagesand, more particularly, to systems that retrieve digital images basedupon affective information.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Digital images, from digital cameras or scanned photographic film, canbe viewed, stored, retrieved, and printed using a home computer, or canbe uploaded to a web site for viewing, as described in commonly assignedU.S. Pat. No. 5,666,215 to Fredlund et al., the disclosure of which isincorporated herein by reference. Using a web browser, a group of thesedigital images can be viewed and selected for printing, for exampleusing the Kodak Photonet Service. The user can select the size of eachprint to be produced, and the quantity of prints to be made from eachimage.

Images can be organized into categories according to the people, places,subjects or events depicted, as described in a paper entitled “FotoFile:A Consumer Multimedia Organization and Retrieval System” by Kuchinsky etal. This paper describes metadata attributes that are used to describecertain images, including a “favorite” attribute that is used toindicate the “best” images in a user's collection. However, in thispaper, the “favorite” attribute can only be used to help retrieve oneuser's images on their own PC, since there is nothing in the “favorite”attribute to designate which user has indicated that this is a“favorite” image. If the PC is used by more that one user, the FotoFilesystem is unable to distinguish which user labeled the image as a“favorite”. Furthermore, the favorite attribute is stored in a databaseseparate from the digital image files. Therefore, when the digital imagefiles are used on a different system, for example when the images aretransferred via a CD-R or other media, or are uploaded to an on-linephoto service provider, the favorite attribute information is no longeravailable.

Various types of metadata related to images have been standardized. Forexample, the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) groupISO/IEC JTC1/SC29/WG11, “Coding of Moving Pictures and Audio”, hasdeveloped an“MPEG-7 Requirements Document” V.8, No. N2727, March 1999,which defines various types of metadata that can be stored with movingimages. Also, the Digital Imaging Group (DIG) has developed the DIG35metadata standard. However, neither of these specifications definesmetadata, which indicates that an image is a favorite image for aparticular user.

Album pages can be produced from digital images by arranging numerousimages on the same page, as described in commonly assigned U.S. Pat. No.6,004,061 to Manico et al., the disclosure of which is incorporatedherein by reference. These album pages can be customized in terms of thesize and arrangement of images on the page, the size and finish of thealbum pages, and the background color or patterns used. The method oforganizing digital images on an album page is described in U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 09/559,478, filed Apr. 27, 2000 by Simon, thedisclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. However, thismethod does not enable a user's favorite images to be automaticallyfeatured, for example by making them larger or more prominent, unlessthe user manually intervenes and manually adjusts their images.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

It is an object of the present invention to make use of affectiveinformation related to a user's reaction to an image to classify suchimage based upon such reaction.

This object is achieved by an image file for storing a still digitalimage and metadata related to the still digital image, the image filecomprising:

a) digital image data representing the still digital image; and

b) metadata that categorizes the still digital image as an importantdigital image, wherein the categorization uses a range of levels and therange of levels includes at least three different integer values.

It is an advantage of the present invention to make use of affectiveinformation to classify a user's reaction to digital images.

It is an additional advantage of the present invention that a user'sreaction can be manually input by the user, using a mouse, keypad, orspeech recognition, or can be automatically determined by one or moredetermining how long a given image was viewed by the user, by the user'sfacial expression or gaze, or by measuring the user's physiology.

It is a further advantage of the present invention that affectiveinformation is associated with a user identifier which defines whichuser's reaction is provided by the affective information.

It is a further advantage of the present invention to associateaffective information for multiple users with the same digital image.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 depicts a block diagram of a home computer system for creatingaffective information;

FIG. 2 is a flow diagram showing an embodiment of a system for creatingaffective information;

FIG. 3A and FIG. 3B depict a user interface for selecting signalrecordings for creating affective information;

FIG. 4A is an example of a personal affective tag for a single user;

FIG. 4B is an example of affective metadata for multiple users withmultiple personal affective tags;

FIG. 4C depicts an image file including affective metadata;

FIG. 5 is a flow diagram of a typical method for using affectiveinformation in a digital imaging system;

FIG. 6 depicts a flow diagram for creating album pages;

FIG. 7A depicts a customized album page produced using affectiveinformation;

FIG. 7B depicts a picture map produced using affective information;

FIG. 8 depicts a block diagram of a networked digital system that usesaffective information; and

FIG. 9 depicts a flow diagram for creating customized photo-productsusing a service provider for a designee.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention defines methods for determining affectiveinformation related to images, for storing affective information anduser identifiers in association with digital images, and for using theaffective information and user identifiers in retrieving digital imagesand in producing hardcopy output, such as album pages. The presentinvention associates the emotional reactions of different people to thesame images. When used with networked photosystems, this enables peopleto share and to use images in more personal ways. By storing affectiveinformation and user identifiers in a standard manner, it is possible toautomatically create imaging products, such as album pages, which havebeen personalized using the affective information for a particular user.

Affective information is defined in this patent as information thatrelates to the feelings or emotions of a person toward images. Thisinformation usually describes or represents a person's subjectivereaction to a given image. The image could be a still image, or a movingimage such as a video clip. Affective information can indicate the levelof importance a user associates with an image, such as whether the imageis a “favorite”. For example, a user may take dozens of photographsduring an event, such as a wedding or Christmas celebration. Out ofthese many images, there a normally a few that the user feels arespecial favorites. Affective information can also include emotionalcategories, such as fear, anger, happiness, etc.

A simple example of affective information is a “tag” or “flag”,associated with an image, which indicates whether or not the image hasbeen identified as a “favorite” or “important” image for the user. Theabsence of such a tag indicates that the image has not been identifiedas a favorite or important image for the user. Such tag represents abinary categorization, classifying images into “favorite” and “normal”categories. In another example, favorite images are categorized into arange of levels. For example, images can be classified between a rangeof −10 to +10, where 0 is used for an unclassified image, +10 is usedfor the “most favorite” image or images, and −10 is used for the “leastfavorite” image or images.

The present invention recognizes that different users have differentemotional reactions to the same image. Therefore, to be useful,affective information relating to images must be associated with aparticular user. This can be done by providing a user identifier alongwith the affective information. The user identifier can be any type ofinformation that enables a particular user to be identified. The useridentifier can be a personal identification code such as a globallyunique ID (GUID), user number, social security number, or the like. Theuser identifier can also be a complete legal name, a nickname, acomputer user name, or the like. The user identifier can alternativelyincludes information such as a facial image or description, fingerprintimage or description, retina scan, or the like.

The present invention recognizes that a user's emotional reaction to aparticular image can change over time. For example, a user may have afavorite photo of one of their adult children and their spouse, taken ata family gathering. Some time later, the couple may divorce. At thislater time, the image is no longer the same type of favorite photo,providing the user with happy memories. Instead, it may now be a“disliked” photo, which makes the user sad or angry. Therefore, in someembodiments of the present invention, a date or time period isassociated with the affective information. In addition, affectiveinformation for the same user, provided at different dates or timeperiods, can be associated with the image. This history of a user'sreaction to a given image also enables analysis of changes in person'sreaction that can be used for therapeutic, diagnosis or retrospectivepurposes.

Affective information can be manually entered by a user, for exampleusing a mouse, keyboard, or voice recognition, or can be collectedautomatically.

The following are examples of methods for automatically collectingaffective information:

the viewing time of the image, since a longer viewing time normallyindicates that this is an important image;

other behavioral/usage information related to the usage of this image,such as how many times the image was printed or sent to others viae-mail;

the facial expression of the user, which can be captured automaticallyby a video camera as the user views the image;

body gestures recorded by a video camera as the user views the image;

the user's eye movements, such as the gaze path of the user whileviewing the image;

the user's voice, recorded while viewing the image;

the pressure of the user's hand on the input device (e.g. joystick ormouse) recorded while viewing the image; and

the user's biometric or physiological responses recorded as the userviews the image. These can be any combination of signals, including EMG,temperature, GSR, heart rate, brain waves EEG, brain-imaging signals,etc.

The following are examples of methods for a user to manually provideaffective information:

having the user “click” a mouse on an icon representing a “favoriteimage” tag;

having the user type in a keyword, or select a keyword from a group ofkeywords, describing a subjective reaction (e.g. funny, sad, etc.) to animage; and

having the user annotate the image with a voice recording (e.g. withphrases like “This is my favorite image”).

Affective information is typically determined, either manually orautomatically, as a user views images in their home, for example ontheir home computer. Affective tagging is defined as the process ofdetermining affective information, and storing the affective informationin association with the images. When the affective information is storedin association with a user identifier, it is known as “personalaffective information”. The affective information and user identifierare types of image “metadata”, which is a term used for any informationrelating to an image. Examples of other types of image metadata includeimage capture time, capture device, capture location, date of capture,image capture parameters, image editing history, etc.

The personal affective information can be associated with a digitalimage by storing the personal affective information within the imagefile, for example using a TIFF IFD within an Exif image file.Alternatively, the personal affective information can be stored in aseparate database. In some embodiments, this information is stored alongwith security and access permissions information, to preventunauthorized access to the information.

Referring to FIG. 1, there is illustrated a desktop computer system madein accordance with the present invention for providing personalaffective information, associating it with image(s) as image metadata,and storing the images and the associated personal affectiveinformation. The personal affective information is then used to provideimproved image retrieval, and to provide customized photoproducts.

The system depicted in FIG. 1 includes a home computer 10 (withassociated peripherals) located at the user location (e.g. their home).It is understood that a system such as a game console, dedicatedInternet appliance, set top box, or retail kiosk may be substituted forthe home computer system 10. The home computer 10 is connected through amodem 22 or other communications interface to a communication serviceprovider, such as an Internet service provider 30. The home computer 10includes a CPU motherboard 12, a display monitor 14, and a hard drivestorage device 20 that can store high resolution image files such asdigital still or digital motion images and associated metadata. Themetadata includes personal affective information as well as othermetadata, for example audio information associated with particularimages.

The home computer includes various image input peripherals, including ascanner 28, a CD reader 26, and a digital camera 24. The scanner 28 isused to scan prints or film and produce digital images. The CD reader 26is used to input digital images from a CD-R disc, such as a KodakPictureCD (not shown). The user can also download images from a ServiceProvider using the modem 22. The home computer 10 can also connect to alocal printer (not shown), such as an inkjet printer, to allow images tobe printed at the user's home.

The digital camera 24 can be a digital still camera such as the Kodak DC4800 digital camera manufactured by Eastman Kodak Company, RochesterN.Y. Alternatively, the digital camera 24 can be a digital motion camerasuch as the Kodak MC3 portable multimedia device, which records motionand sound video files, in addition to still images. The digital camera24 connects to the home computer 10 via a cable employing a commoninterface, such as the well known Universal Serial Bus (USB) interfaceor the IEEE 1394 interface. Alternatively, digital camera 24 can connectto the home computer 10 using a wireless interface, such as the wellknown Bluetooth interface or the IEEE Standard 802.15 interface.Alternatively, the images can be transferred from the digital camera 24to the home computer 10 using a removable memory card, such as aCompactFlash card and a card reader (not shown).

In order to provide affective information, the home computer 10 isconnected to a keyboard 16 and a pointing device 18, such as a mouse ortrackball. In a preferred embodiment, the pointing device 18 alsoincludes sensors that can detect the user's physiological signals,including the GSR (Galvanic Skin Response), hand temperature and heartrate. The sensors also detect ambient temperature.

The home computer 10 is optionally connected to video camera 4. Thevideo camera captures video images of the face of the user 2, and storesthis video information on the hard drive storage 20. The video camera 4can be, for example, a DV325 tethered camera sold by Eastman KodakCompany. The camera connects to the home computer 10 via a cableemploying a common interface, such as the Universal Serial Bus (USB)interface.

The home computer 10 is provided with appropriate software for creatingand using personalized affective information in accordance with thepresent invention. This software is typically stored on hard drive 20,and provided using a CD-ROM disc (not shown) which can be read by CDreader 26, or can be provided on a floppy disk (not shown) which isloaded into the home computer 10 via a floppy disk drive (not shown).Alternatively, this software can be downloaded from the Internet viamodem 22.

The home computer 10 is connected to a network, such as the Internet, asshown in FIG. 8. As depicted in FIG. 8, many different home computers10A, 10B, 10C, and 10D are connected to the Internet by various Internetservice providers (ISPs) 30A, 30B, and 30C. The ISPs provide aconnection to a service provider 40. The ISP 30A-C includes banks ofmodems 32, one of which is connected to communicate with the modem 22 ofthe user's computer 10. The modem 32, in turn, communicates withcomputers/routers 34 in order to provide a connection to the channel 36using equipment and techniques well known to those skilled in the art.

The service provider 40 is connected to the channel 36, such as theInternet, by a network server 42, such as an Internet server, which iscomprised of one or more computers and associated peripherals. Theservice provider 40 also includes an electronic database 44. Theelectronic database 44 provides information describing numerous imagebearing product options, including different print sizes, differentoutput formats such as mugs and t-shirts, and printing a group ofdigital images onto album pages. The electronic database 44 can becontained on the same computer as the network server 42, or can utilizea separate computer, or can be distributed over several computers at thesame physical site, or at different sites.

As shown in FIG. 8, the electronic database 44 is connected toproduction controller 52. The production controller 52 controls one ormore color hardcopy printers 54, which can produce album pages 56 orseparate hardcopy prints 58, which are examples of photoproducts. Theproduction controller 52 can optionally be connected to a transferprinter (not shown) for producing transfer prints that can be used toproduce t-shirts, coffee mugs, etc. incorporating one or more imagesuploaded by the user. The production controller 52 also controls ashipping system 70, which controls a shipping label printer 72 toproduce a shipping label 74. The shipping label 74 is attached to ashipping container (e.g., a cardboard box containing packing material)that contains and protects the photoproducts during shipment (e.g., viaair express mail, ground carrier, etc.) to the customer or thecustomer's designee.

On a regular basis (e.g. monthly) or alternatively whenever aphotoproduct is purchased by the user, the electronic database 44communicates with a billing system 46 to verify that the paymentidentifier (e.g., credit card or debit card number) provided by thecustomer is valid, and to debit the account for any purchases made, orfor any monthly service fees for providing services to the user, such asfor storing user images and associated personal affective information.As shown in block 48, the bill is issued. The customer's account that isdebited can, of course, be located at a remote financial institution.

The service provider 40 is located at a second location, typically inanother city, remote from the user's computer 10. The various portionsof the service provider 40 can be located in a single building orcomplex of adjacent buildings, or can be geographically dispersed overseveral sites in different cities or even different continents. Forexample, the electronic database 44 and the album production controller52 can be provided by computers located in different cities andinterconnected via a suitable digital communications network, such asthe Internet. Furthermore, the electronic database 44 can itself bedistributed over several computers in several different locations.

The electronic database 44 also provides long-term storage of theuploaded images and associated personal affective information. In thisembodiment, stored images are accessible (e.g. viewable) via theInternet by authorized users, as described, for example, in commonlyassigned U.S. Pat. No. 5,760,917 to Sheridan, the disclosure of which isherein incorporated by reference.

The electronic database 44 includes information describing differentfeatures of the albums and other photoproducts that can be selected andcustomized by the customer at the remote location, using the customer'scomputer 10. The electronic database 44 also includes informationdescribing photoproduct options, for example album features such asproviding various background colors or textures, page numbers, pagecaptions, image captions, etc. The album pages can be bound in a cover,or can include holes to permit the pages to be inserted into a standardbinder, such as a three-ring binder. These album feature options can bedemonstrated via software programs, for example, JAVA applets, MPEG orQuickTime movies, or Shockwave files, which depict the functionality offeatures that the customer can choose.

In addition to home computers 10A-10D, other types of devices can beused to provide or access images via channel 36. These devices includeWireless PDA devices 37, retail kiosks 38, and electronic picture framedevices 39, all of which can be used to retrieve images and associatedaffective information from database 44 through channel 36 via one of theISPs 30A-C.

Referring to FIG. 2, there is shown a flow diagram illustratingembodiments of the present invention, implemented in the systemdescribed in relation to FIG. 1 and FIG. 8. This embodiment includesboth automatic and manual determination of affective information.

In block 110, a user opens a new set of images by inserting the CD-ROMinto the CD reader 26 of the home computer 10. In a preferredembodiment, the CD-ROM also includes the software application thatimplements the method of FIG. 2. In this case, the software isautomatically installed as part of block 112, if necessary, so that itcan be used by CPU motherboard 12.

In block 112, the application which implements the method of the presentinvention is launched automatically, when the images are viewed for thefirst time by a user. Alternatively, the user can start the applicationmanually and load a new set of images from the digital camera 24, thescanner 28, or from other image sources including the Internet.

In block 114, the user enters their personal ID and password.Alternatively, this step can be provided automatically by the operatingsystem of the home computer 10 when the user “logs on” to the computer.In an alternative embodiment, the video camera 4 is used in conjunctionwith face recognition software to automatically determine the user, andprovide an appropriate user identifier, such as their name or personalidentification code.

In block 118, the home computer 10 asks the user whether the user wantsto manually provide affective information, or instead have the systemautomatically provide affective tagging while the user views the images.

In block 120, if the user selects automatic affective tagging, the homecomputer 10 provides a selection of signals that can be recorded inorder to determine the user's emotional reaction as they view images. Anexample of a screen displayed on monitor 14 to enable this userselection is shown in FIG. 3A. Three signals are marked as defaults:viewing time per image, the facial expression recorded by the videocamera 4, and physiological signals detected through sensors in pointingdevice 18. Depending on the hardware configuration, other signals may belisted in the selection.

In block 122, the user selects which signals are to be recorded in orderto determine the affective information. In FIG. 3B, there is shown anexample of signals selected by the user, including viewing time, facialexpression, and physiology. The physiological signals selected by theuser include heart rate, hand temperature, and galvanic skin response(GSR).

In block 124, the home computer 10 retrieves the first image from theCD-ROM (or other image source) and in block 126, the home computer 10displays the image on the monitor 14.

In block 128, the home computer 10 automatically records the signalsthat the user selected in block 122 (e.g. the viewing time, a video ofthe user's face, and physiological signals).

In block 130, the user clicks the pointing device 18 to indicate thatthey want to move to the next image. Alternatively, the user can providesome other form of input, such as hitting a key on the keyboard 16,providing an audio command which is input by a microphone (not shown),providing a gesture captured by video camera 4, or using other inputdevices.

In block 132, the home computer 10 determines if this is the last imageof the image set.

In block 134, if this is not the last image, the home computer 10retrieves the next image of the image set and repeats blocks 126 through132.

In block 136, if this is the last image, the home computer 10 analyzesthe recorded affective signals in order to create affective informationand creates affective tag. This step includes determining the degree ofemotional importance of each image of the set, for the user 2. In apreferred embodiment, the home computer 10 estimates the emotionalpositive importance of each image of the set based on the user's facialexpression (e.g. smiling), viewing time, and skin conductance.

The home computer 10 can detect the facial expression recorded by thevideo camera 4 using well known facial expression detection algorithms.An example of one such algorithm is “Facial Expression Recognition usinga Dynamic Model and Motion Energy” by Irfan A. Essa and Alex Pentlandpublished in the Proceedings of the ICCV 95, Cambridge, Mass., June1995. A detected smile is a positive facial expression.

In block 128, the facial expression of the user 2 was recorded as theuser viewed the set of images. Frames of the video signal from the videocamera 4 are then processed using facial expression recognitionsoftware, and classified into at least two categories: positive and notpositive. The positive category is assigned when the smile is detectedon the user's face. The not positive category is assigned if a smile hasnot been detected on the user's face. Alternatively, the facialexpression may be more classified into a broader range of categories,such as happiness, sadness, despair, disgust, love, etc. and furtherclassified using a range of values for these categories, such as forexample strongly positive, somewhat positive, neutral and somewhatnegative, and strongly negative. As a result of facial recognition,images in the positive category are then considered to be a user'sfavorite images, while images in the not positive category are notconsidered to be the user's favorite images.

The longer the image viewing time, the higher probability of positiveimage importance for that particular image. In blocks 126-134, the userviews images, one at a time, on the monitor 14 and proceeds to the nextimage by clicking the mouse button. The time interval between twoconsecutive images is determined by a home computer 10 and recorded asan affective signal. The paper entitled “Looking at pictures: Affective,facial, visceral, and behavioral reactions”, Psychophysiology, 30, pp.261-273, 1993, by P. J. Lang, M. K. Greenwald, M. M. Bradley, and A. O.Hamm, reports that on average, viewing time linearly correlates with thedegree of the interest or attention an image elicits in an observer.This paper compares the viewing time with the degree of the interest forthird party pictures. In the present invention, the viewing timeinformation is assessed for one or more users, for first party images.

The relationship between viewing time and user interest is used by thehome computer 10, which interprets the viewing time as an indication ofthe user's interest toward an image, or as a degree of importance of theimage. The relative degree of interest for a specific image isdetermined as the viewing time for this specific image divided (ornormalized) by the maximum viewing time among all images of the set.This relative degree of interest is used by the home computer 10 to rankthe images in the set in a systematic and continuous manner, as“important” or “favorite” images. The most favorite images are thosethat have higher relative degrees of interest for a specified user.

To ensure that the viewing time is not improperly judged as a result ofuser distraction, the video camera 4 can be used to ensure that the user2 is directing their gaze towards the monitor 14, and is not distractedby other tasks, or has even left the room.

Skin conductance is a magnitude of the electrical conductance of theskin that is measured as a response to viewing the image. This signal isrecorded using a biometric sensor. A computer mouse that is able todetect and record skin conductance has been developed by IBM Corp. Skinconductance or galvanic skin response reflects a degree of interesttoward the picture as described in a paper entitled “Looking atpictures: Affective, facial, visceral, and behavioral reactions”,Psychophysiology, 30, pp. 261-273, 1993, by P. J. Lang, M. K. Greenwald,M. M. Bradley, and A. O. Hamm. The skin conductance changes depending onthe arousal the image elicits in the viewer: the higher the skinconductance, the higher the arousal or excitement, and vice versa: thelower the skin conductance, the lower the arousal. Therefore, themeasure of the amplitude of the skin conductance response which is thedifference between skin conductance before an image onset and theextremum of the skin conductance developed within a few seconds after animage onset, can be used to determine the user's interest or attentionto a certain image.

Based on the skin conductance recorded using the pointing device 18,every image of the set is assigned a degree of interest. The value is afunction of the magnitude of the skin conductance for the particularimage, divided by the maximum skin conductance response recorded for theimage set. The images in the set can be ranked as favorite images byusing these values. The lower relative skin conductance, the more“favorite” the image is.

The three affective signals can be further combined to obtain anintegral measure of positive interest. For every image in the set, therelative degrees of interest are obtained based on the viewing time(degree of interest via viewing time, DItime) and the skin conductanceresponse (degree of interest via skin conductance response,DIskin_response) as described above. If an image was classified aspositive based on the assessment of facial expression, the image isassigned a value of 1 for positive response (PR). If an image wasclassified as not positive, a value of 0 is assigned for positiveresponse. Then a measure of positive interest (e.g. importance or“favoriteness”) can be computed for every image using an appropriatefunction. One such function is a sum of all three measures:

Positive Interest=DItime+DIskin_response+PR.

Other appropriate functions include a weighted sum of these threemeasures, where the weights are determined based on the standarddeviation within each of the normalized (divided by the maximum value)signals over the image set. In this case, the higher the standarddeviation within the signal, the higher the weight of the contributionfor the signal into the measure of positive interest. Consequently, thelower the standard deviation of a given signal, the lower the weight ofthe contribution for the corresponding signal into the measure ofpositive interest. The reason for this dependency stems from theassumption that a standard deviation of a particular measure reflects adegree of differentiation between the images along a given measure. Thisimplies that the signal with the highest standard deviation has moredifferentiation power, and therefor is more important to consider whiledetermining an integral measure of positive interest.

In block 140, if the user selected manual affective tagging in block118, the images in the image set are displayed on the monitor 14 assmall thumbnail images. In block 142, the user manually selects images,which are favorites, and enters manually affective information (e.g.degree of positive importance/favorite) for the selected images. Thismay be done using the methods described in commonly assigned U.S. Pat.No. 6,629,104, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein byreference.

In block 146, the affective information from block 136 or 142 is used toprovide personal affective tags, which are associated with thecorresponding images of the image set. The association can beaccomplished by including the personal affective tags within each imagefile of the set or by providing the personal affective tags in aseparate database, along with a name or pointer to the correspondingimage associated with each tag. The database can be stored on hard drive20. The personal affective tag includes a user identifier, as describedearlier in relation to block 114.

An illustrative example of a personal affective tag is shown in FIG. 4A.FIG. 4A depicts a file data structure of a personal affective tag for asingle user, which includes a personal identification field, twoaffective records captured at two different times, and one behaviorrecord.

The personal affective tag field identifies the data structure in thefile as containing personal affective tag data. A personalidentification code is stored in the personal identification field. Thisfield identifies the user, whose affective information is stored in thispersonal affective tag.

The affective records stores affective information directly related to auser's reaction to an image. This includes the date and the place theaffective information was collected. The first affective record storesaffective information captured at a first time and location specified inthe first Location field and Time field, and the second affective recordstores affective information captured at a second time and locationspecified in the second Location field and Time field. The affect fieldin the affective record stores the subjective reaction(s) determinedwhen the image was viewed by the user identified by personalidentification code stored in the personal identification field. In thesimple embodiment, the affect field can store an “importance” or“favorite” ranking ranging from −10 to 10, where 10 means the mostfavorite and −10 means the least favorite. Alternatively, the affectfield can include basic emotion (e.g. happy) with a correspondingranking that quantifies the intensity of the detected emotion. Theaffect determination can be the result of automatic detection or amanual entry by the user, as described earlier in relation to FIG. 2.

The minimum required information contained in a personal affective tagconsists of the personal identification code stored in the correspondingfield, and at least one subjective reaction (affect) stored in theaffect field. Other optional fields shown in FIG. 4A include the timethe affective information was collected, stored in the Time field. Thepersonal affective tag can also contain other affective data related tothe affective signals selected by the user in step 122. These fields caninclude the viewing time field, physiology temperature field, physiologyheart rate field, physiology EEG field, face expression field, the gazetracking field, and the touch pressure field.

The behavior record stores information related to the usage of theimage, including the number of times the image was viewed by the user,the number of times the image was printed by the user, and the number oftimes the image was sent by e-mail by the user.

Referring to FIG. 4B, there is shown an example data structure ofaffective metadata for a single image, which provides personal affectiveinformation for multiple users. Personal affective tag 1 indicates thaton Aug. 1, 2000, a first user (user 1) provided affective information(either manually or automatically) which gave the associated image animportance rating of 8 (on a −10 to 10 scale). Personal affective tag 2indicates that on Jul. 4, 2001, a different user (user 2) providedaffective information, which gave the same associated image animportance rating of 4. Personal affective tag 3 indicates that on Oct.8, 2001, the first user (user 1) provided affective information, whichnow gave the same associated image an importance rating of −5.

Referring to FIG. 4C, there is shown an example of an image file, whichcontains image metadata and image data. The image file can be a JPEGimage files, such as an Exif/JPEG file, a TIFF file, a JPEG 2000 imagefile, or can utilize many other image file formats. The image metadataincludes well known capture device metadata. This capture devicemetadata can include the make of the digital capture device thatprovided the image, for example the make of the digital camera. It canalso include the image capture date and capture device settings, such asthe camera lens focal length, f-number, etc. In accordance with apreferred embodiment of the present invention, the image metadataincludes one or more personal affective tags. Each personal affectivetag includes a user identifier stored in a personal identificationfield, and at least one Affective Record, such as an importance rating.A single image file can include a plurality of affective tags for aplurality of different users.

In block 148 of FIG. 2, the personal affective tags are used to retrieveor print images. Referring to FIG. 5, there is shown a flow diagram ofan exemplary embodiment of the present invention of a retrieval systemon the home computer 10. In this embodiment, the personal affectiveinformation is used to assist in the image retrieval process, and isused to improve the process of providing photoproducts, such as albumpages, which utilize the set of images described earlier in relation toblock 110. It will be understood that the image retrieval can be doneimmediately after the personal affective information is created, or at alater time. It will also be understood that prior to image retrieval,other users may have provided affective information for the same set ofimages, so that each image has associated affective information for aplurality of users. If the image retrieval is done at a later time, theuser is asked to enter their personal ID and password, as describedearlier in relation to block 112. This is done so that the appropriateuser identifier can be used to retrieve the appropriate personalaffective information for the user.

In block 149 of FIG. 5, the retrieval user initiates the image retrievaland utilization process, by selecting, using the pointing device 18, anappropriate menu item (such as a menu item named “retrieve images”)displayed on monitor 14.

In block 150, the home computer 10 provides a thumbnail display of theset of images on the monitor 14. The thumbnails are ordered according to“importance” rating of the images for the particular user. The higherrated images are displayed first, and the lowest rated images aredisplayed last. The rating can also be displayed alongside eachassociated image. As a result, the user's personal affective informationis used to determine the order of presentation of the retrieved images.

In block 152, the user is asked if they want to change the ratings. Ifthe user responses in the affirmative, in block 154 the user canmanually adjust the rating. The home computer 10 stores new personalaffective information for the user, for each image whose rating ismanually adjusted.

In block 156, the user selects one or more services and applications ofinterest. These can include creating customized album pages (block 158),uploading images or album pages to the service provider 40 for printing(block 160), sending favorite images by e-mail (block 162), creating apicture map (block 164), and adding the image set (including theassociated personal affective tags) to a user's collection on the localhard drive 20, or on a remote server (step 166), for sharing with familyand friends via the Internet.

In block 170, the user is asked if they are done, or if they want toselect additional services or products. In block 172, the process ends.

FIG. 6 is a flow diagram of an exemplary embodiment of the presentinvention of a system for creating album pages that uses affectiveinformation.

Affective information can be used by the system to create album pages inthe following ways:

to retrieve favorite images to be included on album pages;

to position most favorite images in the center of the page;

to resize most favorite images to be bigger than other images on thepage;

to change the background surround the most favorite images to emphasizetheir importance (e.g. providing a bold framing feature).

The flow diagram in FIG. 6 describes in more detail the process ofcreating album pages, which is block 158 in FIG. 5. In block 305 of FIG.6, the user specifies the number of album pages, and selects images foreach album page. In an alternative embodiment, the system canautomatically select images for each page by using the capture dateinformation, stored in image metadata, and the number of pages specifiedby the user, to group the images on pages according to the date.

In block 310, the system automatically creates the specified number ofalbum pages from the selected images. In a preferred embodiment of thepresent invention, the images are automatically organized into albumpages using emphasis images, as described in commonly assigned U.S.patent application Ser. No. 09/559,478, filed Apr. 27, 2000 by Simon,the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. In thepresent invention, the most favorite images are automatically identifiedas emphasis images. As described in the Simon et al. patent, theemphasis image is located in the center of the page and is larger thanother images on the page. This method of emphasizing the most importantimages can be repeated for each album page, to create specified numberof album pages.

After the album pages are automatically arranged, in block 310, the useris asked whether they want to modify the arrangement, in block 312. Theuser can then change the number of pages (block 314), the number ofimages on a selected page (block 316), the layout of the selected page(block 318), and the size of images on the page (block 320). The usercan also select different images to include on the pages (block 322).When the user is satisfied with the appearance of the album pages (block324), then user then decides (block 326) whether to print the albumpages locally (block 330) or to instead order printed album pages fromthe service provider 40 (block 328). The album pages can be producedusing the methods described in commonly assigned U.S. Pat. No. 6,004,061to Manico et al., the disclosure of which is herein incorporated byreference. The process ends at block 332.

Referring to FIG. 7A, there is shown an example of a created album page.Five images (P1-P5) are formatted and put on the album page by the homecomputer 10, or by the service provider 40. When the systemautomatically creates an album page, the most favorite image isfeatured. This can be done by positioning this most favorite image inthe center of the page (image P1). This can also be done by formattingthe most favorite image (P1) so that this image is larger in size thanthe other images on the page. This can also be done by providing abackground frame, or another type of background surround, that drawsattention to this particular image. In addition, image attributes of themost favorite image can be modified to emphasize its importance. Forexample, this image can be processed to increase its sharpness, colorsaturation, etc.

The most favorite image is automatically selected from the set of imagesassigned for the album page, based on the personal affective informationassociated with images for the particular user. If a second user, havingdifferent personal affective information, were to request an album pageincluding the same set of images, it is likely that a different imagewould be featured, since a different image is likely to be the mostfavorite image for that second user. Thus, album page layout isautomatically customized for the particular user, based on the personalaffective information for that user.

Referring to FIG. 7B, there is shown an example of a picture map createdin block 166 of FIG. 5. In this example, seven images (P1-P7) areformatted and put on the picture map. In one exemplary embodiment, thesystem can automatically select an appropriate map based on geographiclocation information stored as metadata associated with the images. Suchmetadata can be created automatically at capture time (e.g. by thedigital cameras with GPS—Global Positioning System) or manually by theuser. For each different location specified by the metadata, the systemselects the most favorite image captured in that location and places itin the proper place on the map. The most favorite images areautomatically selected by the system based on the personal affectiveinformation associated with the images. In FIG. 7B, seven locations havebeen identified, and the seven most favorite images (P1-P7)corresponding to these locations have been selected and placed on themap.

Referring to FIG. 9, there is shown a flow diagram of an exemplaryembodiment of the present invention of using affective information tocreate customized photoproducts through a communications network, suchas the Internet. In the present invention, customized photoproducts,such as album pages, are created based on personal affective informationassociated with the images.

In block 510, the customer logs onto a web site provided by the photoservice provider 40 (FIG. 8). In general, the customer may not be thesame person as the user who created the affective information in FIG. 2.For example, this is the case when one family member createspersonalized photoproducts for other family members or friends usingtheir favorite images.

In block 512, the customer enters their personal ID and password, asdescribed earlier in relation to block 114 of FIG. 2.

In block 514, the customer selects whose favorite images they want tobrowse. The customer can choose to browse through their favorites,and/or through favorite images provide by their family members orfriends. To browse through other people's favorite images, the customermust have access permission, as described in commonly assigned U.S. Pat.No. 5,760,917 to Sheridan, referenced earlier. These access permissionsare created when images are uploaded and stored by a user in database44.

In block 516, the customer browses through favorites by date and/orevent and selects images of interest (e.g. by clicking on images to beselected). In block 518, thumbnails of all selected images aredisplayed. In block 520 and 522, the customer can modify their selectionof images.

In block 524, the customer selects one or more desired products, and thedesignee who is to receive the product. If the user has accesspermission for the designee, the service provider can automaticallydetermine the user identifier for the designee, so that personalaffective information for the designee can be used to customize thephotoproduct to be order and shipped to that designee, for example as agift.

Using the customer selected images, different customized photoproductscan be created. In block 526, album pages can be selected. In block 528,a customized calendar including customer selected images can beselected. In block 530, a montage poster can be selected. This is alarge poster containing a creative background and many different images.In block 532, the customer can choose to create a picture map. In block540, the customer decides whether they are done selecting photoproducts,or want to select additional photoproducts.

In block 542, the personal affective information for the designee isused to feature the most favorite images, as the photoproduct isorganized. As described earlier in reference to FIG. 5, when albumpages, calendars, or montage posters are created, the personal affectiveinformation is used to select one or more particularly favorite imagesto be featured. These featured images are printed larger than the othersare, and in more prominent locations in the photoproduct.

In block 546, the photoproduct is produced and shipped to the customer'sdesignee, and the customer is billed by the service provider.

A computer program product can include one or more storage medium, forexample; magnetic storage media such as magnetic disk (such as a floppydisk) or magnetic tape; optical storage media such as optical disk,optical tape, or machine readable bar code; solid-state electronicstorage devices such as random access memory (RAM), or read-only memory(ROM); or any other physical device or media employed to store acomputer program having instructions for practicing a method accordingto the present invention.

The invention has been described in detail with particular reference tocertain preferred embodiments thereof, but it will be understood thatvariations and modifications can be effected within the spirit and scopeof the invention.

PARTS LIST

-   2 user-   4 video camera-   10A-D home computer systems-   12 CPU motherboard-   14 monitor-   16 keyboard-   18 pointing device with physiology sensors-   20 hard drive-   22 modem-   24 digital camera-   26 CD reader-   28 scanner-   30A-C Internet service provider-   32 modems-   34 computers/routers-   36 channel-   37 PDAs-   38 retail kiosks-   39 electronic picture frame device-   40 service provider-   42 Internet server-   44 electronic database-   46 billing system-   48 bill issuing-   52 production controller-   54 hardcopy printers-   56 album pages-   70 shipping system-   72 shipping label printer-   74 shipping label-   110 block-   112 block-   114 block-   118 block-   120 block-   122 block-   124 block-   126 block-   128 block-   130 block-   132 block-   134 block-   136 block-   140 block-   142 block-   146 block-   148 block-   149 block-   150 block-   152 block-   154 block-   156 block-   158 block-   160 block-   162 block-   164 block-   166 block-   170 block-   172 block-   305 block-   310 block-   312 block-   314 block-   316 block-   318 block-   320 block-   322 block-   324 block-   326 block-   328 block-   330 block-   332 block-   510 block-   512 block-   514 block-   516 block-   518 block-   520 block-   522 block-   524 block-   526 block-   528 block-   530 block-   532 block-   540 block-   542 block-   546 block

1. A method of displaying digital images comprising: receiving aspecified geographical location from a user; displaying on a displaydevice a map area which includes the specified geographical location;identifying a first digital image set including digital images havingassociated geographic location metadata indicating that the digitalimages were captured at geographical locations within the map area;identifying one or more digital image subsets within the first digitalimage set, wherein the digital images within each image subset werecaptured at substantially the same geographic location; for each of theone or more digital image subsets identifying a favorite image based onuser rating metadata associated with the digital images in the digitalimage subsets; displaying the favorite image for each of the one or moredigital image subsets on the map area at or near the geographicallocation associated with the corresponding digital image subset.
 2. Themethod of claim 1 wherein the user rating metadata associates thedigital images with one of a plurality of rating categories.
 3. Themethod of claim 2 wherein the plurality of rating categories includespositive and not positive.
 4. The method of claim 3 wherein theplurality of rating categories further includes negative or neutral. 5.The method of claim 1 wherein the user rating metadata is automaticallydetermined from a user while the user views the displayed digital image.6. The method of claim 5 wherein the user rating metadata is determinedbased on a viewing time of the user viewing the displayed digital image.7. The method of claim 5 wherein the user rating metadata is determinedbased on a facial expression of the user viewing the displayed digitalimage.
 8. The method of claim 1 wherein the favorite digital images aredisplayed as thumbnails.
 9. The method of claim 1 wherein the digitalimages are stored in an electronic database contained in one or morenetwork servers connected to the internet.